OTS Canadian Journal
type: channel
description: The OTS Canadian Journal, based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, is a prestigious publication that serves as a critical platform for disseminating research, insights, and developments within the field of education and teaching services. This journal is dedicated to advancing the understanding and practice of education, providing educators, researchers, and policymakers with valuable resources and information. Each issue of the OTS Canadian Journal features a diverse array of articles that explore innovative teaching methods, policy analysis, and educational trends, with a particular emphasis on the Canadian education system. Through rigorous peer review and a commitment to academic excellence, the journal ensures that its content is both relevant and of the highest quality, contributing significantly to the body of knowledge in education.
publisher: OTS Canadian Journal
language: en
publication name: OTS Canadian Journal
issn: 2817-1756
items: Leadership Beyond Crisis in an Era of Shrinking Humanitarian Space: A Theory-Based Deductive Analysis
items: State Surveillance and the Decline of Democracy: Comparative Insights from Hybrid Regimes
items: A Qualitative Examination of Organizational Practices in Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises Located in the city of Ottawa
items: The Impact of Generative AI on Knowledge Creation and Retention: Strategies for the Modern Digital Workplace
items: Inflationary Pressures and Consumer Spending Behavior: Empirical Insights from Emerging Markets
items: The modern dimension of tourism management and its role in Economic progress in Kurdistan Region
items: The Effects of social media on Adolescent Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytical Approach
items: The Role of Economic Structure in Shaping Growth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Quantitative and Structural Analysis
items: Urban Green Infrastructure and Its Impact on Air Quality in Densely Populated Cities
items: The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Re-engineering Administrative and Marketing Processes in Private Sector Companies
items: Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain Management: A Review of Transparency and Traceability Solutions
items: Telehealth Adoption Among Elderly Patients: Barriers and Opportunities in Post-Pandemic Care
items: Agile Leadership in Times of Crisis: A Strategic Framework for Organizational Resilience
items: Knowledge Management Leveraging Data Analytics and Cognitive Computing for Organizational Resilience
items: Gamification in Remote Learning: Enhancing Student Engagement in Virtual Classrooms
items: Challenges and Opportunities in Gynecological Hospital Leadership for Improved Patient Outcomes
items: Household Consumption Under Inflationary Pressures: Insights from Emerging Markets
items: Cloud-Based Management Information Systems: A Paradigm Shift in Enterprise Resource Planning
items: Integrating TOK, CAS, and EE: A Holistic Framework for Transformative Learning in the IB Diploma Programme
items: Wage-Price Spiral: The Interplay Between Labor Markets and Inflation
items: Beyond the Ballot Box: The Institutional Cracks That Precede Democratic Collapse
items: Building a Strong Organizational Culture: Key Drivers and Best Practices
items: Exploring the Geographical Diversity of Canada: Landscapes, Climate, and Human Interaction
items: Enhancing Operational Efficiency and Guest Satisfaction in Hotel Management: A Strategic Approach
items: Wang Wei
items: The Impact of Inflation on Household Consumption: An Econometric Analysis from Emerging Markets
items: Digital Authoritarianism and the Erosion of Democratic Norms: A Comparative Study of State Surveillance in Hybrid Regimes
items: Exploring Canadian Organizational Behaviour in SMEs: A Qualitative Study in Ottawa, Ontario

Leadership Beyond Crisis in an Era of Shrinking Humanitarian Space: A Theory-Based Deductive Analysis
type: item
description: This article examines the changing role of humanitarian leadership in an era of shrinking humanitarian space. Humanitarian space refers to the political, legal, physical, and ethical environment that enables humanitarian actors to provide assistance according to the principles of humanity, neutrality, impartiality, and independence. Increasing political restrictions, armed conflicts, bureaucratic barriers, funding shortages, and attacks on aid workers have significantly constrained humanitarian operations. Using Theory-Based Analysis (Deductive Analysis), this article applies Ethical Leadership Theory, Adaptive Leadership Theory, Transformational Leadership Theory, and the Humanitarian Principles Framework to analyze leadership requirements in contemporary humanitarian settings. The findings suggest that leadership beyond crisis requires principled decision-making, adaptive capacity, humanitarian diplomacy, localization, accountability, and long-term resilience. The study proposes a conceptual model of leadership beyond crisis that integrates ethical, adaptive, localized, transformational, and principled leadership dimensions. The article contributes to leadership and humanitarian scholarship by providing a theoretically grounded framework for navigating increasingly restricted humanitarian environments.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Humanitarian Leadership, Shrinking Humanitarian Space, Crisis Leadership, Humanitarian Principles, Adaptive Leadership, Ethical Leadership, Deductive Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Aram Abdullah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 52
ending page: 68
doi: 10.58840/9wbqz427

State Surveillance and the Decline of Democracy: Comparative Insights from Hybrid Regimes
type: item
description: This study explores the intersection of state surveillance and democratic decline within hybrid political regimes. Focusing on cases such as Turkey, Hungary, and India, the research investigates how governments employ digital surveillance systems to monitor populations, restrict dissent, and consolidate authority, all while upholding the outward appearance of democratic institutions. A qualitative comparative case study design was adopted, drawing on data from government records, human rights documentation, and interviews with subject-matter experts. The analysis demonstrates that surveillance mechanisms have grown increasingly sophisticated and are legitimized through legal structures and nationalist narratives. These findings highlight the extent to which digital tools are instrumentalized to weaken democratic practices and reinforce authoritarian tendencies. The article underscores the urgent need to reassess the relationship between technological governance and political freedoms in the contemporary digital era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Democratic Erosion, Political Control, Legal Frameworks, Nationalist Rhetoric, Governance and Technology
  topic: keywords
creator: Aiden McCarthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 43
ending page: 51
doi: 10.58840/7k49c217

A Qualitative Examination of Organizational Practices in Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises Located in the city of Ottawa
type: item
description: This research explores the dynamics of organizational behaviour (OB) within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Ottawa, Ontario. Using a qualitative methodology, the investigation draws upon 62 in-depth, face-to-face interviews conducted with both administrators and staff members from diverse sectors, including retail, technology, healthcare, education, and hospitality. The inquiry highlights essential behavioural dimensions—such as participatory leadership, transparent communication, cultural inclusiveness, and work-life integration—that shape professional interactions within these organizations. Through thematic analysis, the study demonstrates how Canadian social values and multicultural principles inform SME practices, influence productivity, and enhance employee involvement. The findings enrich the limited body of qualitative literature on organizational behaviour in Canadian SMEs and provide actionable insights for business leaders, policymakers, and human resource practitioners seeking to strengthen workplace culture and organizational performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational Behaviour, Inclusive Leadership, Communication Openness, Cultural Diversity, Work-Life Balance
  topic: keywords
creator: Noah Anderson Admin
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 33
ending page: 42
doi: 10.58840/7b7xyf69

The Impact of Generative AI on Knowledge Creation and Retention: Strategies for the Modern Digital Workplace
type: item
description: The rapid advancement of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) technologies has significantly transformed how organizations create, share, and retain knowledge within modern digital workplaces. Tools such as ChatGPT, Microsoft Copilot, Gemini, and other AI-powered platforms have become increasingly integrated into daily organizational operations, offering new opportunities for knowledge generation, information retrieval, collaboration, and decision-making. Despite the growing adoption of these technologies, concerns remain regarding their influence on employee learning, critical thinking, knowledge retention, and organizational knowledge management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to explore employees' experiences and perceptions regarding the impact of Generative AI on knowledge creation and retention in contemporary workplaces. A qualitative research approach was adopted using semi-structured interviews with 24 participants employed across various industries, including information technology, education, healthcare, finance, telecommunications, and consulting services. Participants were selected through purposive sampling based on their active use of Generative AI tools within their professional responsibilities. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s six-phase thematic analysis framework. The findings revealed five major themes: (1) Enhanced Knowledge Accessibility and Creation, (2) Improved Productivity and Decision Support, (3) Risks of Knowledge Dependency, (4) Transformation of Organizational Learning Practices, and (5) Strategic Approaches for Sustainable Knowledge Retention. Participants reported that Generative AI significantly accelerated information generation, improved collaborative knowledge sharing, and enhanced problem-solving capabilities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emerging Economies, Panel Data Analysis, Fixed-Effects Model, Random-Effects Model, Purchasing Power
  topic: keywords
creator: Sakar Fattah Sulayman
creator: Azad Salih Nader
creator: Rebaz Jalal Ahmed Nanekeli
creator: Basoz Tofiq Ahmed
creator: Idrees Sadeq Kanabi
creator: Gazang Jameel Sadiq
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 12
ending page: 32
doi: 10.58840/r3h00k79

Inflationary Pressures and Consumer Spending Behavior: Empirical Insights from Emerging Markets
type: item
description: This paper explores how rising price levels influence patterns of household expenditure in emerging economies. Utilizing a panel dataset covering ten nations from 2000 to 2022, the study applies econometric techniques—including fixed-effects and random-effects estimations—to evaluate the effect of inflationary movements on consumer spending behaviour. The findings demonstrate a clear inverse association between inflation and household outlays, showing that persistent increases in prices diminish real income capacity and limit demand for goods and services. These results carry important implications for economic governance, particularly in the formulation of monetary strategies and fiscal policies aimed at protecting household welfare in inflation-sensitive markets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Eva Nováková
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-06-22
publication date: 2026-06-22
starting page: 1
ending page: 11
doi: 10.58840/fc7jd745

The modern dimension of tourism management and its role in Economic progress in Kurdistan Region
type: item
description: Tourism management has become one of the most important contributors to economic development in many regions around the world. In the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, tourism has experienced significant growth due to the region’s natural landscapes, historical attractions, cultural diversity, and increasing investment in tourism infrastructure. The purpose of this quantitative research study is to examine the modern dimensions of tourism management and their role in promoting economic progress in the Kurdistan Region. The study investigates how strategic tourism planning, digital tourism marketing, tourism infrastructure, service quality, and government support influence economic development indicators such as employment generation, investment growth, business expansion, and regional income improvement. A quantitative research design was adopted using a structured questionnaire distributed among tourism sector employees, hotel managers, travel agencies, tourism officials, and visitors in the Kurdistan Region. A total of 250 questionnaires were collected and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis were employed to examine relationships between tourism management dimensions and economic progress. The findings revealed strong positive relationships between modern tourism management practices and economic progress.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Basoz Tofiq Ahmed
creator: Gazang Jameel Sadiq
creator: Idrees Sadeq Kanabi
creator: Azad Salih Nader
creator: Sakar Fattah Sulayman
creator: Rebaz Jalal Ahmed Nanekeli
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-17
publication date: 2026-05-17
starting page: 41
ending page: 51
doi: 10.58840/16eyfz82

The Effects of social media on Adolescent Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytical Approach
type: item
description: The rapid rise of social media platforms has transformed the social lives of adolescents, bringing new modes of interaction, self-expression, and identity formation. While social media can foster connection and creativity, concerns have emerged about its potential negative impact on adolescent self-esteem. This article presents a meta-analytical review of recent empirical studies exploring the relationship between social media use and self-esteem among adolescents. The findings reveal a complex, bidirectional relationship influenced by usage patterns, gender, platform type, and psychological context. While excessive, passive, and comparison-based use is associated with lower self-esteem, active and supportive engagement may enhance self-worth. The article concludes with implications for parents, educators, mental health professionals, and policy makers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Fatima Youssef
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 111
ending page: 121
doi: 10.58840/rp4hxc17

The Role of Economic Structure in Shaping Growth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: A Quantitative and Structural Analysis
type: item
description: This study investigates the role of economic structure in shaping economic growth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI), with a particular focus on sectoral composition and human capital. Drawing on a quantitative research design and secondary data sources, the study analyzes the contributions of key sectors oil, services, industry, and agriculture to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth. A multiple regression model is employed to assess the relationship between economic structure and growth, incorporating human capital as a critical explanatory variable. The findings reveal that the KRI economy remains heavily dependent on the oil sector, which, despite its substantial contribution to GDP, has a statistically significant negative impact on economic growth. This supports the resource curse hypothesis, suggesting that overreliance on natural resources can hinder sustainable development. In contrast, the service and industrial sectors exhibit strong positive and statistically significant relationships with GDP growth, indicating that diversification into these sectors enhances economic performance and resilience. The agricultural sector, although positively associated with growth, does not demonstrate statistical significance, reflecting its limited current role in the regional economy. Human capital emerges as the most influential factor, with a strong positive effect on economic growth. This highlights the importance of education, skills development, and workforce quality in supporting structural transformation and long-term economic sustainability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hozan Tahseen Awni
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 95
ending page: 110
doi: 10.58840/17z53942

Urban Green Infrastructure and Its Impact on Air Quality in Densely Populated Cities
type: item
description: Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is increasingly recognized as a vital component of sustainable urban planning. In densely populated cities, where air pollution poses significant risks to public health and environmental stability, UGI offers a natural and cost-effective solution. This article explores the relationship between urban green infrastructure and air quality improvement, examining the mechanisms through which vegetation reduces pollutants and presents case studies from major global cities. It also discusses design strategies, implementation challenges, and policy implications, concluding with recommendations for integrating UGI into urban development frameworks to enhance air quality and promote livable cities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: James Thompson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 82
ending page: 94
doi: 10.58840/bzwr5n82

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Re-engineering Administrative and Marketing Processes in Private Sector Companies
type: item
description: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become one of the most influential technological innovations affecting organizational structures, administrative systems, and marketing strategies across private sector companies. The study employed a qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews with 15 participants selected purposively from different private sector organizations. Data were analyzed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software through thematic coding. The findings revealed that AI significantly improved administrative efficiency, decision-making processes, customer engagement, marketing personalization, and operational automation. Thematic analysis identified several major themes including operational efficiency, digital transformation, employee adaptation challenges, customer behavior analysis, predictive marketing, and organizational competitiveness. Organizations that strategically integrate AI technologies into their operations are more likely to achieve long-term operational flexibility and market responsiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Azad Salih Nader
creator: Rebaz Jalal Ahmed Nanekeli
creator: Gazang Jameel Sadiq
creator: Idrees Sadeq Kanabi
creator: Basoz Tofiq Ahmed
creator: Sakar Fattah Sulayman
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 65
ending page: 81
doi: 10.58840/zmeyq887

Blockchain Applications in Supply Chain Management: A Review of Transparency and Traceability Solutions
type: item
description: As global supply chains become increasingly complex and susceptible to disruption, the need for transparency, trust, and traceability has never been greater. Blockchain technology has emerged as a promising tool to address these challenges by providing immutable, decentralized, and verifiable data across supply chain networks. This article reviews current applications of blockchain in supply chain management (SCM), with a focus on its role in enhancing transparency and traceability. It explores real-world use cases across various industries—such as food, pharmaceuticals, and luxury goods—and highlights the technological, organizational, and regulatory challenges involved. The paper concludes with future directions for integrating blockchain into mainstream supply chain systems.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rakaesh Singh
creator: Anna Moler
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 52
ending page: 64
doi: 10.58840/1z2eqw41

Telehealth Adoption Among Elderly Patients: Barriers and Opportunities in Post-Pandemic Care
type: item
description: The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed an unprecedented shift toward telehealth services, offering a lifeline for vulnerable populations, particularly elderly patients. While telehealth adoption expanded rapidly during the pandemic, its continued integration into post-pandemic healthcare systems raises concerns and opportunities. This article explores the barriers elderly patients face in adopting telehealth, including technological literacy, access to devices, cognitive and physical limitations, and concerns about privacy. It also highlights key opportunities to improve elderly care through telehealth by enhancing accessibility, streamlining care coordination, and reducing hospital readmissions. Recommendations for policymakers, healthcare providers, and caregivers are provided to ensure equitable and sustainable telehealth integration for older adults.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aisha Potatel
creator: Dr. Thomas E. Chienge
creator: Laila Kamel
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 40
ending page: 51
doi: 10.58840/hxg57m67

Agile Leadership in Times of Crisis: A Strategic Framework for Organizational Resilience
type: item
description: In an increasingly volatile and uncertain global environment, organizations face mounting challenges requiring adaptive and strategic responses. This article explores the concept of agile leadership as a critical driver of organizational resilience during times of crisis. Drawing from recent research and real-world examples, it proposes a strategic framework outlining how agile leaders can guide organizations through disruption while sustaining performance and promoting innovation. Key components include adaptive thinking, decentralized decision-making, emotional intelligence, transparent communication, and continuous learning. The article concludes by emphasizing the need for leadership development programs that foster agility across all levels of the organization.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Prof. Mako Jansen
creator: Aliecia Chengie
creator: Rania El-Jbouly
creator: David Akaro
creator: Felix Johne
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 28
ending page: 39
doi: 10.58840/gaj6gg79

Knowledge Management Leveraging Data Analytics and Cognitive Computing for Organizational Resilience
type: item
description: Organizations operating in highly dynamic and uncertain environments increasingly rely on knowledge management practices to maintain resilience and long-term sustainability. The emergence of data analytics and cognitive computing technologies has significantly transformed how organizations acquire, process, store, and utilize knowledge for strategic decision-making. This study explores the role of knowledge management systems integrated with data analytics and cognitive computing in enhancing organizational resilience. The article examines how advanced analytical capabilities, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cognitive technologies contribute to knowledge creation, organizational learning, risk management, and adaptive capacity during crises and disruptions. A qualitative and conceptual review approach was adopted to synthesize current literature and theoretical perspectives related to knowledge management, data-driven decision-making, and cognitive computing applications. The findings indicate that organizations leveraging intelligent technologies within their knowledge management frameworks demonstrate stronger responsiveness, operational flexibility, innovation capability, and strategic adaptability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Rebaz Jalal Ahmed Nanekeli
creator: Basoz Tofiq Ahmed
creator: Sakar Fattah Sulayman3,
creator: Gazang Jameel Sadiq
creator: Azad Salih Nader
creator: Idrees Sadeq Kanabi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 16
ending page: 27
doi: 10.58840/xx5bwc73

Gamification in Remote Learning: Enhancing Student Engagement in Virtual Classrooms
type: item
description: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the shift to remote learning, exposing limitations in traditional instructional methods and highlighting the need for innovative engagement strategies. This study investigates the effectiveness of gamification—defined as the integration of game design elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, and challenges—in enhancing student engagement, motivation, and academic performance in virtual classrooms. Using a mixed-methods, quasi-experimental design, the study compares a control group receiving traditional remote instruction with an experimental group engaged through gamified platforms. Results demonstrate that gamification significantly improves student participation, time-on-task, satisfaction, and learning outcomes. Additionally, qualitative data reveal that gamified learning environments foster a stronger sense of community and promote intrinsic motivation. However, challenges such as equity, over-reliance on competitive elements, and the need for thoughtful instructional design are also identified. The findings underscore the importance of balanced, inclusive, and well-aligned gamified strategies in creating effective and student-centered remote learning experiences.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Emily R. Dawson
creator: Prof. Lucas M. Greene
creator: Hana Al-Mutairi
creator: Roberto Iglesias
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-16
publication date: 2026-05-16
starting page: 1
ending page: 15
doi: 10.58840/31j4t739

Challenges and Opportunities in Gynecological Hospital Leadership for Improved Patient Outcomes
type: item
description: This research examines how central aspects of hospital administration—namely leadership approach, the use of electronic health record (EHR) systems, and the frequency of staff development initiatives—shape performance outcomes within gynecological healthcare institutions. Employing a quantitative methodology, data were gathered from multiple gynecological hospitals using structured surveys and official administrative reports. Analysis conducted with SPSS demonstrated notable links between participatory leadership and enhanced patient satisfaction, as well as between regular training programs and lower staff turnover alongside reduced readmission rates. Additionally, the integration of digital health platforms, particularly EHRs, was strongly associated with improved coordination of care and a decline in clinical mistakes. These results underscore the necessity of evidence-based managerial practices to strengthen efficiency, employee well-being, and patient-centered outcomes in women’s health facilities. Although issues such as financial limitations and organizational resistance were acknowledged, the findings confirm that systematic, data-informed management is essential for sustaining high-quality gynecological services. The study further provides practical guidance for healthcare leaders and policymakers aiming to introduce targeted reforms and elevate reproductive and maternal care. Overall, the evidence supports participatory leadership, ongoing training, and digital transformation as foundational elements of effective gynecological hospital governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zhang Lei
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-04-03
publication date: 2026-04-03
starting page: 31
ending page: 40
doi: 10.58840/xrgb7g45

Household Consumption Under Inflationary Pressures: Insights from Emerging Markets
type: item
description: This paper explores how rising price levels influence patterns of household expenditure in emerging economies. Utilizing a panel dataset covering ten nations from 2000 to 2022, the study applies econometric techniques—including fixed-effects and random-effects estimations—to evaluate the effect of inflationary movements on consumer spending behaviour. The findings demonstrate a clear inverse association between inflation and household outlays, showing that persistent increases in prices diminish real income capacity and limit demand for goods and services. These results carry important implications for economic governance, particularly in the formulation of monetary strategies and fiscal policies aimed at protecting household welfare in inflation-sensitive markets.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Logan Charbonneau
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-04-08
publication date: 2026-04-08
starting page: 20
ending page: 30
doi: 10.58840/q7ek1x30

State Surveillance and the Decline of Democracy: Comparative Insights from Hybrid Regimes
type: item
description: This study explores the intersection of state surveillance and democratic decline within hybrid political regimes. Focusing on cases such as Turkey, Hungary, and India, the research investigates how governments employ digital surveillance systems to monitor populations, restrict dissent, and consolidate authority, all while upholding the outward appearance of democratic institutions. A qualitative comparative case study design was adopted, drawing on data from government records, human rights documentation, and interviews with subject-matter experts. The analysis demonstrates that surveillance mechanisms have grown increasingly sophisticated and are legitimized through legal structures and nationalist narratives. These findings highlight the extent to which digital tools are instrumentalized to weaken democratic practices and reinforce authoritarian tendencies. The article underscores the urgent need to reassess the relationship between technological governance and political freedoms in the contemporary digital era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aiden McCarthy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-04-04
publication date: 2026-04-04
starting page: 11
ending page: 19
doi: 10.58840/x2fvjs10

A Qualitative Examination of Organizational Practices in Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises Located in the city of Ottawa
type: item
description: This research explores the dynamics of organizational behaviour (OB) within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) operating in Ottawa, Ontario. Using a qualitative methodology, the investigation draws upon 62 in-depth, face-to-face interviews conducted with both administrators and staff members from diverse sectors, including retail, technology, healthcare, education, and hospitality. The inquiry highlights essential behavioural dimensions—such as participatory leadership, transparent communication, cultural inclusiveness, and work-life integration—that shape professional interactions within these organizations. Through thematic analysis, the study demonstrates how Canadian social values and multicultural principles inform SME practices, influence productivity, and enhance employee involvement. The findings enrich the limited body of qualitative literature on organizational behaviour in Canadian SMEs and provide actionable insights for business leaders, policymakers, and human resource practitioners seeking to strengthen workplace culture and organizational performance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Noah Anderson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2025-04-02
publication date: 2025-04-02
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.58840/xjdr0t79

Cloud-Based Management Information Systems: A Paradigm Shift in Enterprise Resource Planning
type: item
description: This study explores the transformative impact of cloud-based Management Information Systems (MIS) on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) within small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) across diverse sectors. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research combines a quantitative survey of 150 professionals and qualitative interviews with 15 decision-makers to examine how cloud technologies enhance decision-making, cost-efficiency, and operational agility. Key findings reveal that tools such as ERP, CRM, and Business Intelligence platforms significantly improve data integration and organizational responsiveness. Regression analysis shows a strong positive relationship between MIS usage and both decision speed (β = 0.48, p < 0.01) and cost-efficiency (β = 0.41, p < 0.05), while resistance to adoption is inversely related to firm size and employee IT literacy (β = -0.36, p < 0.05). Sector-specific analysis underscores contextual variability in adoption outcomes, highlighting the importance of strategic alignment, digital readiness, and cultural adaptability. The study concludes with practical recommendations for enhancing MIS implementation and calls for future research on long-term performance impacts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Luna Thompson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/7p2bzz45

Integrating TOK, CAS, and EE: A Holistic Framework for Transformative Learning in the IB Diploma Programme
type: item
description: This study explores the integration of the three core components of the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme—Theory of Knowledge (TOK), Creativity, Activity, Service (CAS), and the Extended Essay (EE)—through a qualitative analysis of secondary data, including official IB guides, implementation handbooks, and documented case studies. The research aimed to understand how these components function collectively to promote holistic education, align with the IB Learner Profile, and support academic and personal development. Using thematic analysis, six key phases were followed: familiarization, initial coding, theme development, reviewing, defining, and synthesis. Five central themes emerged: Integrated Pedagogy, Reflective Growth, Rigorous Inquiry, Learner Identity Alignment, and Real-World Connected Learning. These themes reveal how the core elements are not isolated but interdependent, enhancing inquiry-based learning, ethical reasoning, self-awareness, and global citizenship. Findings indicate that successful integration of the core requires collaborative planning, consistent reflection practices, professional development, and alignment with the IB mission. The study highlights both the transformative potential of core integration and the implementation challenges due to contextual variability. Recommendations include investing in educator training, improving resource equity, and developing stronger interdisciplinary frameworks. While limited by its reliance on secondary sources, the study provides valuable insights and a foundation for future research focused on student outcomes and cross-cultural implementation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Johne Marley
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/04kzvr59

Wage-Price Spiral: The Interplay Between Labor Markets and Inflation
type: item
description: This article explores the dynamics of the wage-price spiral, a self-reinforcing mechanism wherein rising wages lead to increased prices, which in turn drive further wage demands. The study provides a comprehensive review of theoretical frameworks, historical examples, and post-pandemic labor market shifts, focusing on how wage-setting behavior and inflation expectations interact across different institutional settings. Using a macroeconomic lens, the research analyzes both advanced and emerging economies, paying particular attention to labor force participation, foreign direct investment, and trade openness in shaping inflationary outcomes. The findings emphasize the importance of credible monetary policy, coordinated wage bargaining, and macroeconomic resilience in managing inflation. The article concludes by offering policy recommendations tailored to Vietnam’s economic context, grounded in econometric evidence such as OLS regression, Granger causality, and cointegration analysis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Olye Olamide
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/wjc74v58

Beyond the Ballot Box: The Institutional Cracks That Precede Democratic Collapse
type: item
description: This study investigates the underlying institutional vulnerabilities that contribute to democratic backsliding, with a focus on processes that precede formal democratic collapse. While elections remain a central component of democratic systems, this research argues that democracy is sustained by a broader ecosystem of institutions and norms—many of which are quietly eroded through legal and procedural manipulation. Using a qualitative methodology based on secondary data analysis, the study examines six recurring themes across multiple countries: judicial independence erosion, executive aggrandizement, media and civil society suppression, electoral manipulation, international authoritarian influence, and institutional resilience. Findings reveal that democratic erosion is often subtle and incremental, driven by elected leaders who exploit institutional gaps to consolidate power. However, the study also identifies instances of resistance, particularly in the form of judicial pushback, legislative oversight, investigative journalism, and public mobilization. The analysis underscores the importance of institutional resilience and the critical role of non-electoral mechanisms in safeguarding democracy. The study concludes with practical recommendations for policymakers and civil society actors, highlighting the need for early-warning systems, civic education, legal protections for democratic institutions, and global cooperation in defending liberal democracy. It also calls for future research into digital authoritarianism, regional variations in norm erosion, and the long-term effectiveness of resistance mechanisms.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Tinya Ivanova
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/grxkp406

Building a Strong Organizational Culture: Key Drivers and Best Practices
type: item
description: This qualitative study explores the key drivers and best practices for building a strong organizational culture within private sector organizations in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Recognizing that organizational culture significantly influences employee engagement, performance, and retention, the research seeks to understand how culture is formed, sustained, and adapted in contemporary work environments. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with 18 professionals occupying leadership, HR, and managerial roles across six private organizations. Using thematic analysis, six core themes emerged: Leadership Influence, Recruitment and Cultural Fit, Recognition and Motivation, Culture in Hybrid Work Models, Technology and Culture Transmission, and Feedback Loops and Culture Assessment. The findings highlight the central role of leadership in modeling and reinforcing cultural values, the importance of value-based recruitment in maintaining cultural coherence, and the critical need for recognition systems that reflect organizational priorities. Additionally, the study reveals how hybrid work and digital platforms have redefined cultural expression and interaction. Regular feedback mechanisms emerged as vital tools for assessing and refining culture in dynamic business contexts. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on organizational behavior by offering practical recommendations for cultivating resilient and high-performing workplace cultures. It also identifies areas for future research, including sector-specific analysis, longitudinal studies, and quantitative validation of cultural indicators.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Dr. Rafael Costa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/bt0t7a20

Exploring the Geographical Diversity of Canada: Landscapes, Climate, and Human Interaction
type: item
description: This study explores the geographical diversity of Canada and its significant influence on population distribution, economic activity, environmental challenges, and regional development. Canada’s vast landscape, consisting of six major geographical regions—from the mountainous Western Cordillera to the remote Arctic tundra—creates both opportunities and limitations for human settlement, transportation, and natural resource utilization. Using a qualitative descriptive research approach, the study synthesizes evidence from academic literature, government reports, and geospatial datasets to examine the relationship between geography and national development. Key themes identified in the analysis include regional variation, agricultural productivity, climate change vulnerability, urbanization patterns, and environmental sustainability. The findings indicate that regions such as the Canadian Shield occupy extensive portions of the country yet support relatively small populations because of harsh terrain and limited agricultural suitability. In contrast, areas such as Ontario and the Prairie Provinces demonstrate high agricultural productivity and population concentration due to more favorable environmental and economic conditions. The study also highlights the severe impacts of climate change in Canada’s Arctic regions, where Indigenous communities and fragile ecosystems face increasing environmental risks. Major urban centers including Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal are shown to have developed largely because of their strategic geographic locations near waterways, transportation corridors, and international trade routes. Overall, the research demonstrates the central role of geography in shaping Canada’s economic growth, settlement patterns, and policy priorities. It calls for regionally adaptive development strategies that emphasize environmental sustainability, climate resilience, infrastructure planning, and Indigenous land stewardship. The findings provide valuable…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Emma Lévesque
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/hhe4r414

Enhancing Operational Efficiency and Guest Satisfaction in Hotel Management: A Strategic Approach
type: item
description: Hotel management plays a vital role in shaping guest experiences, ensuring operational efficiency, and sustaining competitive advantage within the hospitality industry. This study explores the key dimensions of effective hotel management by examining how service quality, human resource practices, technological innovation, and sustainability influence organizational performance and customer satisfaction. Using a qualitative research methodology, data were collected through semi-structured interviews with hotel managers, frontline employees, and guests from three mid-range hotels in Erbil, Iraq. Thematic analysis identified five central themes: guest-centered service, managerial adaptability, technology integration, staff training and morale, and post-pandemic cleanliness and safety practices. The findings demonstrate that personalized customer service, employee empowerment, and technological efficiency are significant drivers of guest loyalty and operational excellence. In addition, sustainability initiatives and ethical business practices emerged as increasingly influential factors affecting customer decision-making and brand reputation. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated management frameworks that align internal operational strategies with changing market expectations and consumer preferences. By incorporating the perspectives of multiple stakeholders, this research contributes to the broader literature on hospitality management and provides practical insights for hotel managers seeking to improve service delivery, strengthen employee retention, and maintain organizational resilience in a dynamic and highly competitive hospitality environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Olivia Wilson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/pkk24497

Wang Wei
type: item
description: This study examines the impact of key hospital management practices—leadership style, electronic health record (EHR) adoption, and staff training frequency—on performance outcomes in gynecological hospitals. Employing a quantitative research design, data were collected from multiple gynecological healthcare facilities through structured questionnaires and administrative records. Statistical analysis conducted using SPSS revealed significant relationships between participative leadership and higher patient satisfaction scores, as well as between frequent staff training and reduced employee turnover and hospital readmission rates. The findings further demonstrate that the implementation of integrated digital health systems, particularly EHRs, is associated with improved care coordination, enhanced communication among healthcare professionals, and a reduction in clinical errors. These results underscore the importance of evidence-based management strategies in women’s healthcare institutions to improve operational efficiency, employee well-being, and patient outcomes. Although challenges such as financial limitations and resistance to organizational change were identified, the study confirms that structured, data-driven management practices play a critical role in delivering high-quality gynecological and maternal healthcare services. The research provides practical insights for hospital administrators and policymakers seeking to implement strategic reforms and strengthen reproductive healthcare systems. Overall, the findings support the adoption of participatory leadership, continuous professional development, and digital innovation as essential components of effective gynecological hospital management.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Wang Wei
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/t7dprz10

The Impact of Inflation on Household Consumption: An Econometric Analysis from Emerging Markets
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:386504ae-cc40-400e-b065-ca454dd111cc-2" data-testid="conversation-turn-6" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This study investigates the relationship between inflation and household consumption in emerging market economies. Using panel data collected from ten countries between 2000 and 2022, the analysis applies fixed-effects and random-effects models to examine how fluctuations in consumer prices influence household spending patterns. The findings reveal a statistically significant negative relationship between inflation and household consumption, indicating that rising inflation reduces real purchasing power and constrains consumer demand. The study highlights the broader economic implications of persistent inflationary pressures, particularly in emerging economies where households are more vulnerable to price instability. These findings offer important insights for policymakers in designing effective monetary and fiscal strategies aimed at stabilizing prices, protecting consumer welfare, and sustaining economic growth.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Noah Tremblay
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/3069ys04

Digital Authoritarianism and the Erosion of Democratic Norms: A Comparative Study of State Surveillance in Hybrid Regimes
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:386504ae-cc40-400e-b065-ca454dd111cc-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This article examines the growing phenomenon of digital authoritarianism and its impact on the erosion of democratic norms in hybrid political regimes. By comparing state surveillance practices in Turkey, Hungary, and India, the study identifies how digital technologies are utilized by governments to monitor, control, and suppress dissent while maintaining a façade of democratic legitimacy. Employing a qualitative comparative case study methodology, data were collected from official documents, human rights reports, and expert interviews. The findings indicate that digital authoritarian strategies are becoming increasingly sophisticated and are often normalized through legal frameworks and nationalist rhetoric. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on digital governance and political control, highlighting how technological tools can be weaponized to limit civil liberties and weaken democratic institutions in the digital age.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Ethan MacDonald
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/p0dp5g41

Exploring Canadian Organizational Behaviour in SMEs: A Qualitative Study in Ottawa, Ontario
type: item
description: *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:386504ae-cc40-400e-b065-ca454dd111cc-0" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This study investigates organizational behaviour (OB) within small and medium enterprises (SMEs) located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Emphasizing a qualitative research approach, the study is grounded in 62 face-to-face interviews with managers and employees across various sectors, including retail, technology, healthcare, education, and hospitality. The research uncovers critical behavioural dimensions—such as inclusive leadership, communication openness, cultural diversity, and work-life balance—that define workplace interactions in these enterprises. Through thematic analysis, the study demonstrates how Canadian societal values and multicultural frameworks shape SME dynamics, productivity, and employee engagement. The findings contribute to the limited qualitative literature on organizational behaviour in Canadian SMEs and provide practical implications for managers, policymakers, and HR professionals seeking to enhance organizational culture and workplace effectiveness.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Editor Canadian Journal
creator: Liam Thompson
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 OTS Canadian Journal
date: 2026-05-05
publication date: 2026-05-05
doi: 10.58840/3e19rg85